LOS ANGELES

A jury on Monday found that Katy Perry’s 2013 hit, “Dark Horse,” improperly copied a 2009 Christian rap song. The unanimous decision represented a rare takedown of a pop superstar and her elite producer by a relatively unknown artist.

The verdict by a nine-member federal jury in a Los Angeles courtroom came five years after Marcus Gray and two co-authors first sued in 2014, alleging “Dark Horse” stole from “Joyful Noise,” a song Mr. Gray released under the stage name Flame.

The case now goes to a penalty phase, where the jury will decide how much Ms. Perry and other defendants owe for copyright infringement.

Questions from the jury during its two full days of deliberations had suggested that jurors might find only some of the defendants liable for copyright infringement. The case focused on the notes and beats of the song, not its lyrics or recording, and the questions suggested that Ms. Perry might be off the hook.

But in a decision that left many in the courtroom surprised, jurors found all six songwriters and all four corporations that released and distributed the songs were liable, including Ms. Perry and Sarah Hudson, who wrote only the song’s words, and Juicy J, who only wrote the rap he provided for the song. Ms. Perry was not present when the verdict was read.

Other defendants found liable were Capitol Records and Ms. Perry’s producers: Dr. Luke, Max Martin and Cirkut, who came up with the song’s beat.

Mr. Gray’s attorneys argued that the beat and instrumental line featured through nearly half of “Dark Horse” are substantially similar to those of “Joyful Noise.” Mr. Gray wrote the song with his co-plaintiffs Emanuel Lambert and Chike Ojukwu.

“Dark Horse,” a hybrid of pop, rap and hip-hop sounds that was the third single from Ms. Perry’s 2013 album “Prism,” spent four weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in early 2014 and earned a Grammy nomination for Ms. Perry, who performed the song during her 2015 Super Bowl halftime show.

Her attorneys argued that the song sections in question rep- resent the kind of simple musical elements that if found to be subject to copyright would hurt music and all songwriters.

“They’re trying to own basic building blocks of music, the alphabet of music that should be available to everyone,” Ms. Perry’s lawyer Christine Lepera said during closing arguments on July 25.

The defendants’ musical expert testified that the musical patterns in dispute were as simple as “Mary Had a Little Lamb.”

But the jury of six women and three men disagreed, finding that the bumping beat and riff at the center of “Joyful Noise” were original enough to be copyrighted. Ms. Perry and the song’s co-authors testified during the seven-day trial that none of them had heard the song or heard of Mr. Gray before the lawsuit, nor did they listen to Christian music.

Mr. Gray’s attorneys had only to demonstrate, however, that “Joyful Noise” had wide dissemination and could have been heard by Ms. Perry and her co-authors. They provided as evidence that it had millions of plays on YouTube and Spotify, and that the album it’s included on was nominated for a Grammy. “They’re trying to shove Mr. Gray into some gospel music alleyway that no one ever visits,” said the plaintiffs’ attorney Michael A. Kahn during closing arguments, when he also pointed out that Ms. Perry had begun her career as a Christian artist. Jurors agreed, finding that the song was distributed widely enough that the “Dark Horse” writers may well have heard it. Mr. Kahn and Mr. Gray declined to comment but smiled as they left the courtroom after the verdict.

Ms. Lepera and other defense attorneys also declined to comment outside court. Ms. Perry’s publicist did not immediately return an email message seeking comment Monday evening.

Ms. Perry, a 34-year-old pop superstar and “American Idol” judge, brought laughs to the proceedings when she testified during the trial’s second day when her lawyers were having technical troubles getting “Dark Horse” to play in the courtroom.

“I could perform it live,” Ms. Perry said.

No performance was necessary after the audio issues were resolved. Jurors heard both songs played back to back in their entirety at the end of closing arguments last week.